| Kidney stones are hard masses developed in the | | | | oxalate intake, excess oxalate combines with calcium |
| kidney. Crystals separate from urine and get deposited | | | | to develop calcium oxalate stones. Excessive intake of |
| on the inner surface of kidney. These crystals slowly | | | | food and drink containing oxalate like leafy green |
| build up to form hard stones. There are several types | | | | vegetables and brewed tea leads to calcium oxalate |
| of kidney stones depending on the combination of | | | | stones. Excessive intake of Vitamin C may also lead |
| chemicals in the stone. Of the different types of kidney | | | | to hyperoxaluria, increasing the chance of kidney |
| stones, the most common type contains calcium in | | | | stones. Inflammatory bowel disease, bowel resection |
| combination with either oxalate or phosphate. | | | | and small bowel bypass procedures may also lead to |
| Formation of stones depends on the nature of urine. | | | | more absorption of oxalate by intestines. |
| Calcium oxalate develops in acid urine of pH less than | | | | Hypocitrauria |
| 6.0. Different conditions that lead to the formation of | | | | Citrate has an effect on calcium stone formation. |
| calcium oxalate stones are hypercalciuria, | | | | Normal levels of citrate combine with calcium and form |
| hyperoxaluria, hypocitrauria and hyperuricosuria. | | | | a soluble salt. This calcium citrate compound inhibits the |
| Hypercalciuria | | | | formation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate |
| Hypercalciuria is a condition referred to an increase of | | | | crystals. Therefore, low levels of urinary citrate of |
| calcium in the urine. Calcium is absorbed from food in | | | | hypocitrauria increases the chance of developing |
| excess. This excess calcium is then excreted through | | | | stones. |
| urine. This excess calcium combines with other | | | | Hyperuricosuria |
| chemicals to form crystals of calcium oxalate or | | | | Hyperuricosuria is a condition that refers to an increase |
| calcium phosphate in kidneys or urinary tract. | | | | of uric acid in urine. Uric acid crystals form in urine that |
| Hyperoxaluria | | | | has pH less than 5.5. Calcium crystals then combine |
| Hyperoxaluria is a condition referred to an increase of | | | | with uric acid crystals to form calcium oxalate stones. |
| oxalate in the urine. When there is an increase of | | | | |