| Kidney stones are hard masses developed in | | | | is an increase of oxalate intake, excess |
| the kidney. Crystals separate from urine and | | | | oxalate combines with calcium to develop |
| get deposited on the inner surface of kidney. | | | | calcium oxalate stones. Excessive intake of |
| These crystals slowly build up to form hard | | | | food and drink containing oxalate like leafy |
| stones. There are several types of kidney | | | | green vegetables and brewed tea leads to |
| stones depending on the combination of | | | | calcium oxalate stones. Excessive intake of |
| chemicals in the stone. Of the different | | | | Vitamin C may also lead to hyperoxaluria, |
| types of kidney stones, the most common type | | | | increasing the chance of kidney stones. |
| contains calcium in combination with either | | | | Inflammatory bowel disease, bowel resection |
| oxalate or phosphate. Formation of stones | | | | and small bowel bypass procedures may also |
| depends on the nature of urine. Calcium | | | | lead to more absorption of oxalate by |
| oxalate develops in acid urine of pH less | | | | intestines. |
| than 6.0. Different conditions that lead to | | | | |
| the formation of calcium oxalate stones are | | | | Hypocitrauria |
| hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitrauria | | | | |
| and hyperuricosuria. | | | | Citrate has an effect on calcium stone |
| | | | formation. Normal levels of citrate combine |
| Hypercalciuria | | | | with calcium and form a soluble salt. This |
| | | | calcium citrate compound inhibits the |
| Hypercalciuria is a condition referred to an | | | | formation of calcium oxalate and calcium |
| increase of calcium in the urine. Calcium is | | | | phosphate crystals. Therefore, low levels of |
| absorbed from food in excess. This excess | | | | urinary citrate of hypocitrauria increases |
| calcium is then excreted through urine. This | | | | the chance of developing stones. |
| excess calcium combines with other chemicals | | | | |
| to form crystals of calcium oxalate or | | | | Hyperuricosuria |
| calcium phosphate in kidneys or urinary | | | | |
| tract. | | | | Hyperuricosuria is a condition that refers to |
| | | | an increase of uric acid in urine. Uric acid |
| Hyperoxaluria | | | | crystals form in urine that has pH less than |
| | | | 5.5. Calcium crystals then combine with uric |
| Hyperoxaluria is a condition referred to an | | | | acid crystals to form calcium oxalate stones. |
| increase of oxalate in the urine. When there | | | | |